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With aging, skeletal muscle undergoes many morphological changes, such as reduced muscle fiber number and mass, altered muscle fiber arrangement, persistent denervation, and decreased perfusion, leading to gradual decline in skeletal muscle quality. Currently, there is a lot of research done on this issue and shows that targeting the NAD+ group could be a promising therapy for ways to grow muscles and ways to fight aging of the musculoskeletal system.
More than a century after the discovery of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD+ ), our understanding of this molecule's role in biological aging continues to evolve. As a coenzyme or substrate for many enzymes, NAD+ governs a variety of biological processes, including energy metabolism, genome stability, signal transduction and cell fate.
NAD+ deficiency has been recognized as a true marker of tissue degeneration, and restoration of NAD+ homeostasis rejuvenates many of the mechanisms involved in tissue aging.
Cellular glucose metabolism can occur with or without oxygen (aerobic/anaerobic) and requires NAD+. NAD+ plays a role in many diverse cellular processes in addition to redox reactions. NAD+ is a substrate in deacetylation reactions as well as in mono-ADP and poly-ADP ribosylation.
Although NAD can convert between the oxidized form NAD+ and the reduced form (NADh) in redox reactions, it is cleaved when acting as a substrate. Therefore, NAD+ must be continuously resynthesized from dietary precursors to maintain cellular NAD+ sources as well as an appropriate NAD+/NADh ratio. For simplicity, we usually just refer to the level of NAD+.
Skeletal muscles help us ensure posture, breathing and movement. Skeletal muscle also impacts systemic processes such as metabolism, temperature regulation, and immunity. Skeletal muscle consumes a lot of energy and is the main consumer of glucose and fatty acids. Fatty acid and glucose metabolism requires NAD+ to function as a hydrogen/electron transfer molecule. Therefore, NAD+ plays an important role in energy production.
NAD+ plays a key role in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, aging and disease. The majority of studies indicate that low NAD+ levels are harmful to muscle health and that high NAD+ levels increase muscle health ( muscular NAD gain) .
The progressive loss of skeletal muscle homeostasis with age is directly related to aging, morbidity, disability, and mortality. The causes of skeletal muscle aging are complex, involving mitochondrial dysfunction, aging and stem cell decline, autophagy defects, chronic cellular stress, intracellular ion overload, and immune cell function, biological clock disorders, microcirculatory disorders, persistent nerve damage, and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. So targeting the NAD+ pool could be a promising therapy for ways to fight muscle aging.
Targeting the NAD+ pool may be a promising therapy for ways to combat muscle aging
Because of the great need for NAD+ as a substrate in many cellular reactions, it is estimated that up to “grams” of NAD+ precursors must be consumed daily to maintain physiological NAD+ concentrations.
Research by Nikiforov A, 2015 states that since the recommended daily dietary amount of NAD+ precursor is only in the “milligram” range, this suggests that there are many more biosynthetic pathways that produce NAD+ from Other nutritional precursors and the nicotinamide byproduct formed upon cleavage of NAD+ will still be efficiently recycled for NAD+ biosynthesis.
NAD+ can be formed from ingestion of the amino acid tryptophan or forms of vitamin B3 /niacin (nicotinic acid, niacinamide and nicotinamide riboside). Quinolinic acid – a metabolite of tryptophan, can also be the starting point for NAD+ biosynthesis.
The pathway of de novo NAD+ biosynthesis from tryptophan includes 7 enzymatic steps. In contrast, the NAD+ biosynthetic salvage pathway from niacin (NA) involves only two or three enzymatic steps.
Other important enzymes involved in NAD+ biosynthesis are:
Because of its effects on the gut and the polarity of NAD+, oral NAD+ supplementation is not effective in increasing NAD+ in plasma and tissues. Provides several NAD+ precursors found in the natural diet such as NA, NR, NAM and NMN which are used to enhance NAD+, thereby helping to improve skeletal muscle mass, physical performance and metabolic function. metabolism:
Today, in addition to eating scientifically and living healthily, an effective and proactive way to fight aging is to use health-protecting foods containing the ingredient Nicotinamide Mononucleotide. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide is a precursor enzyme of Coenzyme NAD, capable of increasing NAD+ levels and helping cells increase ATP energy production, repair damaged DNA, cells that lose the ability to divide, and copy DNA incorrectly. and at the same time activates the longevity gene Sirtuins. This helps promote cell proliferation effectively.
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A clinical trial on young and middle-aged runners published widely in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition showed that Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation directly to the process of generating energy through the oxidation of compounds in the body (also known as aerobic capacity).
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