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Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging, but its cause is still debated. Researchers have shown that, during aging, there is a loss of subunits of the mitochondrial, but not the nuclear, encoded oxidative phosphorylation system. So how does decreased NAD+ cause a state of pseudohypoxia in the body that disrupts communication between the nucleus and mitochondria during aging?
NAD+ is the abbreviation for the compound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, one of the important molecules of cell metabolism. Without NAD+, we would die within 30 seconds.
NAD+ helps convert food into energy and plays an important role in maintaining DNA integrity. NAD+ also ensures the function of genes that protect your body from aging and disease.
Mitochondria can be understood as an energy factory of our body. In each cell there are more than a few thousand mitochondria that participate in life-sustaining activities. Mitochondria play the role of converting food into energy and ensuring normal body activity. More than 90% of the body's energy is produced by mitochondria.
More than 90% of the body's energy is produced by mitochondria.
Mitochondria are formed with their own DNA system, completely different from the DNA found in the cell nucleus, and mitochondria can replicate themselves to create countless other mitochondrial copies.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging . Research has shown that, during aging, there is a loss of subunits of the mitochondrial, but not the nuclear, encoded oxidative phosphorylation system.
This is because the PGC-1α/β-independent nuclear-mitochondrial communication pathway is displaced by NAD + depletion and HIF-1α accumulation under normoxic conditions. Reducing SIRT1 accelerates this process, while increasing NAD+ levels (study in aged mice) restores mitochondrial function in a SIRT1-dependent manner. Therefore, pseudohypoxia in vivo disrupts PGC-1α/β-independent nuclear-mitochondrial communication, thereby contributing to the decline in mitochondrial function with age.
According to Haigis and Sinclair, 2010, mammalian Sirtuins (SIRT1) are NAD+-dependent lysine-modifying acylases that control physiological responses to diet and exercise (CR). ). Research by Cohen et al., 2004, SIRT1 expression increases in several tissues after caloric restriction, suggesting that this intervention prolongs lifespan in a variety of species.
According to research by Haigis and Sinclair, 2010 and Libert and Guarente, 2013, overexpression or activation of SIRT1 confers many health benefits, including protection from metabolic impairment, cardiovascular disease, cancer cancer and neurodegeneration. Some of the health benefits of SIRT1 have also been linked to improved mitochondrial function. Indeed, an increase in SIRT1 in neurons extends the lifespan of mice (Sanders, 2012), although its role in aging in lower organisms remains unclear (Burnett et al., 2011).
This study also provides evidence that the PGC-1α/β-independent mitochondrial regulatory pathway has a role in aging . The activity of this pathway declines during aging due to changes in nuclear NAD+ levels, causing a pseudohypoxic imbalance between the nuclear- and mitochondria-encoded OXPHOS subunits. This process can be prevented and reversed by increasing NAD+ levels, which in turn has positive implications for the treatment of age-related diseases, including cancer.
Today, in addition to eating scientifically and living healthily, you can supplement functional foods containing Nicotinamide Mononucleotide , a precursor enzyme of Coenzyme NAD, to reverse your aging process. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide is a miracle drug that helps rejuvenate aging and is one of the main sources of cellular energy in the body. NMN has anti-aging effects at the cellular level, reducing aging of the skin, muscles, bones, liver, vision, improving insulin sensitivity, immune function and physical activity levels. NAD is a coenzyme that plays an important role in metabolism and blood circulation, has the function of helping the body avoid disease, and directly affects aging, thus has anti-aging and anti-aging effects. premature skin aging and reverse aging.
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A clinical trial on young and middle-aged runners published widely in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition showed that Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation directly to the process of generating energy through the oxidation of compounds in the body (also known as aerobic capacity).
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